104th Senate — GGUM scores
GGUM ideal point estimates for the 104th Senate (members scored: 103 of 103; max PSRF: 1.024).
Download
Download S104-ggum-scores.csv — 103 members, 25 columns (Voteview metadata + GGUM θ, θ SD, PSRF).
Off-diagonal members
The following 2 members fall more than 2.5σ off the OLS fit of GGUM θ on W-NOMINATE dim-1. We flag these as diagnostic cases where the two scalings most disagree.
| Member | Party | State | nominate | GGUM θ | residual |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| McCAIN | R | AZ | +0.38 | +1.67 | +0.93 |
| BROWN | R | CO | +0.51 | +1.64 | +0.51 |
Placements worth a second look
GGUM’s placement of the following members differs from what their established political reputations might lead a reader to expect. We draw attention to these cases so that researchers can consider them before using the estimates for a particular analysis; we are not alleging error.
- McCAIN. McCain is commonly viewed as a self-styled maverick and repeat cross-party dealmaker (co-sponsor of McCain-Feingold campaign-finance reform). GGUM places him among the twenty most conservative senators in this Congress.
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The prose on this page was drafted with Anthropic’s Claude Opus 4.7, with plausibility audits by Claude Sonnet 4.5 subagents. The author edited and reviewed throughout.